Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Questions and Answers

13 This data was collected after a culture of E coli was initially exposed to different concentrations of different disinfectants Its ability to grow in the presence of each disinfectant is evaluated column initial The E coli is then subcultured into media that does not contain the disinfectant and its ability to grow after the disinfectant is removed is evaluated column subcultured Which of the following disinfectants exhibits ONLY bacteriocidal activity at all effective concentrations growth No growth Concentration 1 10 1 20 1 100 1 1000 1 5000 Initial Disinfectant 1 a Disinfectant 1 b Disinfectant 2 c Disinfectant 3 d Disinfectant 4 Subculture Initial Disinfectant 3 Disinfectant 2 Subculture Initial Subculture Initial Disinfectant 4 Subculture 14 Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the control of microbial growth via irradiation a Irradiated foods are dangerous to consume and the FDA has banned them from being sold within the US b Exposure to UV gamma rays electron beams and X rays works causes damage to the cell s nucleic acids c Gamma radiation is the most effective way to neutralize prions d UV exposure has been shown to be extremely effective at penetrating surfaces 15 Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to the stress induced toxin antitoxin system in E coli In this system MazE is the antitoxin and MazF is the toxin a Maze is synthesized continuously but MazF is synthesized only when the cell is under stress b Peptide fragments from G6PD will cleave mRNA and result in the cellular stasis c The stress response will result in the cell discontinuing synthesis of both MazE and MazF but the more stable MazF will persist in the cell for longer than MazE and can begin cleaving mRNA molecules d The stress response will result in the cell discontinuing synthesis of MazE but not MazF herefore MazF is free to begin cleaving mRNA molecules

You are working on the trp operon in a lab and are working with two mutants In Mutant A the operator region of the operon carries a mutation that decreases affinity of the repressor for the operon Mutant B expresses a trp repressor protein that cannot bind tryptophan but still has good affinity for the operator a super repressor Determine whether the following would be true in Mutant A Mutant B neither or both These mutants will show a wildtype normal phenotype at all tryptophan concentrations if a non mutated trp repressor could be inserted in the genome and expressed from it These cells die if tryptophan is omitted from their medium due to lack of tryptophan availability In the absence of tryptophan RNA polymerase holoenzyme can access the promoter of the trp operon in these cells In these cells tryptophan binds directly to the DNA regulating RNA polymerase Choose Choose Choose Choose

In early experiments on RNA interference it was discovered that a 20 to 25 nucleotide long single stranded RNA ssRNA whether sense or anti sense meaning matching the sequence of the mRNA or a complementary sequence to the mRNA injected into cells did not work particularly well in gene silencing Instead it was shown that a 20 25bp double stranded RNA dsRNA that was made up of the sense and anti sense strand base paired together was very effective at silencing the mRNA it matched Moreover it was shown that only a small amount of that dsRNA was required to silence a large number of target mRNAs These are interesting observations given that RISC only uses a single stranded piece of RNA siRNA or miRNA in gene silencing and does so by binding in a 1 1 ratio of RNA guide to mRNA Provide an explanation for each of these observations based on what you know about how cells work and the mechanism of RNA interference

1 Sleeping is an adventure for astronauts 2 Some astronauts like to float free in the Shuttle to sleep gently bouncing off a wall once in a while 3 Other astronauts sleep better if they are zipped into a sleeping bag 4 This feels more like sleeping in a bed on Earth 5 There s even a little pillow they can fasten to their heads with a strap 6 Astronauts have a hard time staying clean in space 7 There is no shower or bathtub on the Shuttle so astronauts have to take sponge baths 8 They can brush their teeth the regular way but have to be careful that toothpaste globs don t drift away 9 All the trash and garbage has to be brought back to Earth 1 Choose the sentence that would most likely appear as the last sentence in the passage OA Altogether life on a Shuttle is little harder than life on Earth OB Also life on a shuttle is a little harder than life on Earth OC OD For example life on a Shuttle is a little harder than life on Earth In the same way the astronauts take time on the Shuttle to play

Entropy increases 6 1 2 4 45 A 1 Example Requires energy Types of reactions 2 Example Releases energy 4 Reactions Type of molecule 7 8 Conformation change Competitive Inhibitor binds to 9 A 8 Lowers activation energy 5 A Enzymes ADP POATP C Exergonic D Catalyst Non competitive Inhibitor binds to ATPADP PO 4 Inhibition 10

RANDOM ASSORTMENT or Independent Assortment At metaphase 1 tetrads line up randomly at the metaphase plate Sometimes all the paternal or all the maternal chromosomes face the north pole of the cell Most often there is a random mix of some paternal and some maternal chromosomes facing the north side There is no way to know which way the maternal and paternal chromosomes will go These northbound chromosomes eventually end up in half of the gamete cells and the southbound chromosomes end up in the other gamete cells If a cell only has one type of chromosome then there are only 2 possible arrangements of chromosomes at the metaphase I plate These 2 arrangements result in 2 different types of gametes If N number of type of chromosomes then the number of possible chromosome combinations in gametes 2 Show and draw how different arrangements of the 3 types of pop bead chromosomes at the cell equator at metaphase I could lead to 8 different combinations in the genetic information of gametes Indicate color and size of chromosomes clearly 1000

Suppose that the peptide Ala Met Lys Ser is reacted with phenylisothiocyanate at pH 8 0 followed by mild acidification which is the first cycle of the Edman method Which of the following would be released OPTH Ser and the peptide Ala Met Lys O The labeled peptide Ala Met Lys Ser PTH PTH Ala and the peptide Met Lys Ser O PTH Ala PTH Ser PTH Lys and PTH Met

Question 5 Karl Popper suggested that scientists use imaginative preconception which means that successful scientists O do not keep records of experiments that fail O do not need to do experiments to test their ideas O only perform applied research O often predict the outcome of experiments O cannot predict the outcome of experiments

Which media is not considered a combination differential media a Urea broths b SIM medium c TSI slants d MIO medium Hey liso sitoed adi gord 226q of liema oc

PROCEDURE ead the case sections and perform the analyses as structed At the Patient s Bedside A 68 year old man is brought to the emergency department ED of the hospital where you work He reports a severe stabbing pain in his lower back nausea without vomiting and blood in his urine CT scan imaging revealed two kidney stones renal calculi in the left kidney as well as one stone lodged in the urethra and another stuck in the distal portion of the left ureter He is running a fever and has underlying health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease The ED doctor orders urine and blood samples to be collected for microbiological analysis as well as for other tests Once the samples are collected the doctor starts the patient on a broad spectrum intravenous antibacterial drug and admits him for inpatient hospital care In the Clinical Microbiology Lab Day Same Day as Sample Collection You are responsible for analyzing the patient s urine sample and detecting the pathogen of interest You start with a Gram stain of the centrifuged urine sample You observe the following via light microscopy Fig 47 3 FIGURE 47 3 Gram Stain of Centrifuged Urine Sample gram Negative Tod s 1 Gram property 2 Cell shape 3 Cellular arrangement Single 4 Assuming oil immersion microscopy with a 10x ocular and 100x objective what would the final magnification be for the image 1000 5 Based on the Gram stain and morphological information you can make an informed decision about your next steps For each of the following state if you would or would not perform the procedure and explain the reasoning behind your decision Remember performing unnecessary tests takes time and costs your lab money so you would only perform tests that would help you further narrow down the bacterium s identity a Inoculate the sample onto mannitol salt agar MSA b Test the bacteria for coagulase c Test the bacteria for oxidase d Perform an acid fast stain e Inoculate the sample onto eosin methylene blue agar EMB At the Patient s Bedside The infectious disease specialist familiarizes themselves with their newly admitted patient s case In the meantime the assigned urologist also visits the patient They consult on the care plan for their shared patient Their plan primarily centers on removing the lodged kidney stone within the next 12 hours while simultaneously managing the infection that has developed The infectious disease doctor states that the Gram stain data suggests a narrower spectrum drug might be a more desirable option as compared to the broad spectrum drug started in the ED

1 It is a Friday afternoon and you head to the lab to inspect the Simmons citrate agar bacterial samples that you inoculated on Wednesday of the same week The samples were all grown at 37 C You do not observe any growth in the tube for your test sample nor for the negative control However the positive control grew just fine You decide your tested bacteria cannot utilize citrate as a sole carbon source Planning to dispose of the samples on Monday you simply place the samples in a test tube rack at room temperature in the biosafety hood where they will be safe until your return When you return to the lab on Monday you notice that your unknown sample has abundant growth and the media is completely blue Your negative control sample still does not exhibit growth and remained green Based on this what can you conclude about your test specimen Be sure to explain your reasoning and provide details from the scenario that support your conclusion

2 Which of the following is indicative of a positive test result for citrate utilization Select all that apply a The media appears green and growth is absent b The media appears blue and growth is present c The media appears green and growth is present d The media appears blue and growth is absent

4 The citrate test determines if a bacterium a Metabolizes citrate b Requires a carbon source c Requires a nitrogen source d Produces acidic metabolic byproducts e Is a pathogen

6 Assume you see gas in the Durham tube and after adding Reagents A and B a red color develops Based on these observations what can you conclude Select all that apply a The bacterium is an obligate aerobe b The bacterium makes nitrate reductase c The gas observed may be due to a fermentation reaction d The organism is not Neisseria gonorrhoeae e You must add zinc to the media before making any conclusions

1 Choose the false statement s about the phenol red test select all that apply a It can detect if an organism ferments a specific sugar b It is a differential medium c It is a selective medium d It is inoculated with a mixed culture e It may contain multiple sugars in the same sample tube

7 You have designed primers for PCR Which of the following is incorrect A You should have poly AAAAAA at 3 end B The annealing temperature of both primers should be similar C High GC content D the annealing temperature is about 5 degree below Tm allo

Question 1 0 25 p In the reaction 6CO2 6H 20 C 6H 120 6 60 2 which side should energy be placed on the right side this is an endergonic reaction neither side the reaction is in equilibrium O the right side this is an exergonic reaction the left side this is an exergonic reaction the left side this is an endergonic reaction

Read the instructions on Writing a methods section Using these gu methods section for the experiment you performed today 2 points

What is the m u map units distance between Mu and Phi 4 3 3 8 17 0 0 0 3 41 8

3 8 17 0 0 3 41 8 Question 23 You are a plant breeder interested in using heirloom varieties of tomatoes In particular you are now focused on a region of one of the plant s chromosomes where two genes of interest are located One of them Cr affect the ability of the plant to grow upright and self supported as opposed to procumbent creeping trailing spreading over the ground surface The other gene is responsible for miniature size fruits cherry Ch vs large heavy fruits Procumbent phenotype Cr is dominant over upright Cr and large fruit Cht is dominant over miniature Ch You get the following numbers of offspring from your dihybrid testcross Crt Cht 105 Cr Ch 110 Crt Ch 43 Cr Cht 42 How would you calculate the distance between these genes in cM O 85 300 x 100 O215 300 x 100 O 85 1000 x 100 4 5 pts O42 300 x 100 O 85 215 x 100

2 About ten o clock as I was walking home three guys jumped me I couldn t tell who they were They all wore Frankenstein masks And they shoved me to the ground nd kicked me a few times page 79 a cared about someone something b tricked deceived confused or puzzled someone c attacked suddenly unexpectedly

repeated identical segments also called annuli similar in annelids and arthropods separated by septal

Why are enzymes required for cellular metabolic pathways Select 3 correct answer s The enzymes that are present in a cell determine which metabolic reactions can occur in the cell A single enzyme can convert one substrate into many different products An enzyme lowers the activation energy and therefore increases the rate of a reaction A cell can regulate metabolic pathways by controlling the enzyme concentration in the cell Enzymes are consumed by metabolic pathways when reactants are converted to products

estion 4 Match the microscope type to the correct description Transmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Confocal microscope Fluorescencce microscope Differential interference contrast microscope Phase contrast microscope Dark field microscope Bright field microscope Save Answer A Components of the microscope bring light waves out of phase and produce differences in contrast and brightness B A beam of electrons is spread across the surface of a specimen and topography can be seen C A beam of electrons is sent through a specimen D Light is transmitted through a specimen providing limited contrast Sometimes staining a specimen will enhance contrast but can only be done on fixed specimen E Polarized light is sent via two beams that have different paths through the sample F Light from a laser is focused on a point and scanned across a fluorescently stained specimen in two directions G Light is directed at an angle toward the specimen and a special condenser lens transmits only the light reflected off the specimen H Fluorescent stains absorb light at one wavelength then emit another Question 4 of 4

monetary gain is justified and further promoted Private individuals and firms not the government own most of the property resources Market institutions have completely addressed production and distribution problems The important consequence of the right of private property is that it encourages investment innovation exchange maintenance of property and economic growth An economy is largely dis embedded from political or social intuitions Question 7 3 points Listen Why does the reported estimated unemployment rate underestimate the unemployment issue in our economy O unemployment rate differentiates between part time and full time workers labor force participation rate is a better indicator for labor market unemployment rate does not count cyclically unemployed workers count discouraged worker as unemployed

You want to recreate the experiment by Louis Pasteur so you take an environmental sample boil it in water to kill microbes but you find microbial growth occurred anyway Why 2 pts A The presence of endospores abiewola merio eoa B The presence of fruiting bodies of bacteria C The presence of anaerobic bacteria The presence of some microbes by spontaneous generation due

How many microliters of the PCR buffer do you need to add to the PCR reaction No need to add the microliters unit to your answer just the number PCR Components H O PCR Buffer MgCl2 dNTPs Forward primer Reverse primer DNA template Tag DNA pol Total volume Concentration of the stock sample 20X 75 mM 20 mM 5 M 5 M 0 01 ng L 1 U L Target concentration in reaction tube 1X 1 5 mM 0 2 mM 0 2 M 0 2 M 0 1 ng 50 L 5 U 50 L Volume per reaction 50 L

1 What is the purpose of using Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation in protein isolation and how does it work 2 Why is it necessary to perform further purification steps after ammonium sulfate precipitation in protein isolation 3 How does ion exchange chromatography contribute to the purification of proteins from spinach leaves and what property of proteins does it exploit 4 Explain the role of NaCl in ion exchange chromatography and how it helps to elute proteins from the column 5 What analytical technique is used to determine protein concentration during ion exchange chromatography and why is this important in the process

8 Drawn below is part of the tertiary structure of a protein showing the positions of two amino acids aspartic acid and lysine Replacing lysine with another amino acid in the protein may change the shape and function of the protein Replacing lysine with which type s of amino acid s would lead to the least amount of change in the tertiary structure of this protein Interactions that determine the tertiary structure of proteins CH Hydrogen bond be chain and puppe donde www Pomp 04 1 Die bond

Below is a polynucleotide is this DNA or RNA Why Is this a double stranded ds or a single stranded ss molecule Label the 5 and 3 end s of this molecule The convention is to write nucleic acid sequences in the 5 to 3 direction Thus wha nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide shown using 1 letter abbreviation What type of bond maintains the structure of the primary structure

estion 5 molecules removes a unit of water from a system and joins two molecules together 2 points is when water is forced into a bond breaking it and forming two smaller Save Ansva

Which molecule undergoes simple diffusion Na Glucose Amino acid Carbon dioxide Question 2 0 75 points Listen Saturated fats contain more double bond than unsaturated fats contain more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats contain more carbon atoms than unsaturated fats contain less hydrogen atoms than unsaturated fats

Most antimicrobial compounds are going to be most effective when organisms are in O lag phase O exponential phase O stationary phase death phase

In which phase or phases of the growth curve is there very little change in total viable living cell numbers SELECT ALL THAT APPLY meaning multiple answers may be correct Lag Exponential Stationary

The shortest lag period would most likely be observed in the transfer of a microbial culture O from a complex medium to a fresh complex medium O from a complex medium to fresh minimal medium O from a complex medium where the culture was growing at a high temperature to fresh complex media where the culture will be growing a lower temperature from a complex medium at a pH 7 0 to a fresh complex medium at a pH of 5 0

From the graph below the reaction that has the highest rate of product formed is the one catalyzed by Activation Energy Cat BHD Uncatalyzed Erayma A Erazyme B Reaction Progress Question 36 1 point 4 Listen AG AH TAS ZC H0 Enzyme A Enzyme B Uncatalyzed O both enzyme A and uncatalyzed reactions What can be said about an endothermic reaction with a negative entropy change O spontaneous at all temperatures Ospontaneous at high temperatures spontaneous in the reverse direction at all temperatures

bind to the active site of an enzyme through noncovalent bonds are often toxic to cells have only a temporary effect on enzyme activity are not active against ribozymes Question 24 1 point Listen An enzyme is active in the stomach of an animal but quickly loses its activity when it leaves the stomach This example illustrates that enzymes are Odigested in the small intestine O consumed by the quantities of substrate in the small intestine inactivated by movement

ePage s 93 94 Drag the molecules to their best matches below Drag each item on the left to its matching item on the right Note that every item may not have a match while some items may have more than one match ADP ATP contains two phosphate groups higher mass molecule lower mass molecule

What are the high energy products of this cycle FAD Click or tap the appropriate places in the image Pyruvate OOO FADH ADP P ATP CO NAD NADH

A useful technique for making millions of copies of a specific region of DNA is a Restriction enzymes Ob Gel electrophoresis Oc Spectrophotometry d Polymerase chain reaction

Before returning to the original lane after passing another vehicle you should Beep your horn See both headlights of the passed vehicle in your rear view mirror

6 Using dotted lines now construct isodrosotherms at 5 F intervals on the simplified map in Figure 9 5 39 31 41 33 49 38 O O 34 22 38 28 O 41 30 e 42 36 48 38 50 O 38 O 52 50 40 38 48 44 45 60 40 55 61 57 66 59 45 43 63 61 66 60 48 45 O 57 54 61 57 39 39 70 59 69 61 66 53 39 39 43 41 46 43 54 45 66 55 60 72 64 O O 43

Which of the following is true of geometric isomers O they have different molecular formulas O they have variations in arrangement around a double bond O they have identical chemical properties O they are rare in nature

und 2 If having a capsule is an important advantage for certain pathogens then why wouldn t evolution favor all pathogens being encapsulated

Select the feature s of an acidic dye select all that apply a Alkaline b Basic c Negatively charged d Includes India ink e Lacks a chromogen

Which of the following are basic elements of the U S political culture 1 Economic equality II Individualism III Civic duty O II and III only O I only O III only I only

One reason why public policy differs from public opinion is public opinion tends to change slower than public policy that while public opinion is easy to gauge public policy is not The U S Constitution places O many checks on the influence of public opinion Public opinion polling tends to express the opinions of the political elite

e 43 45 3 1 Compare and contrast the types of bonds used to form molecules Identify the location s on this image where covalent bonds can form Click or tap the appropriate place in the image Carbon atom

1 a Draw a recombinant Ti plasmid labeled cointegrate Ti plasmid on slide in Video 5 1 with all the components needed to use it to generate a transgenic plant T DNA borders selectable marker and transgene b Describe in a few words or one sentence the function or significance of each of these components T DNA borders Transgene

did the system of fixed Why did exchange rates eventually become obsolete contributing to O international tensions in some cases almost to war It was It did not accurately reflect a O constantly changing economic climate It allowed each nation to devalue its currency which led to worldwide inflation Too many nations were simply O following the lead of the United