Human Health and Diseases Questions and Answers

SE3 How were the antibiotics paromomycin and puromycin used to establish the mechanisms of translational decoding and peptidyl transfer MC 2 pt Q SE Name

4 Antibody diversity is generated principally through A DNA rearrangement B exposure to environmental mutagens C targeted DNA amplification D RNA dependent DNA synthesis E decoding errors and ribosomal frameshifting

A are named like this because they interfere with viral multiplication A are named like this because they interfere with viral multiplication C are released by virus infected cells causing nearby cells to produce antiviral proteins and be protected O D are produced by lymphocytes gamma interferon or by virus infected host cells alpha and beta interferon E All of the above

The introduction of antigens as vaccines activates the adaptive immunity and thus it makes the body to produce specific antibodies and specialized lymphocytes This is an example of O Naturally acquired active immunity O Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity Innate immunity

Explain and Demonstrate three types of movement Demonstrate 2 Repetitions Only vements from Lesson Four O o Explain and Demonstrate three types of movement

Question C Hemophilia A is a disease in which patients lack a clotting factor in the blood It is inherited as an X linked recessive trait 5 6 What is the probability of a hemophiliac male and a carrier female producing a hemophiliac son What percentage of females only will be hemophiliacs 5 pts Eric has normal blood His wife Jane is the daughter of a hemophiliac father and 11 1 WI

Which of the following would you anticipate seeing in a patient who suffers from allergies? (Titre means concentration as measured by titration which is a dilution process used in ELISAs.) Decreased IgG titres in the blood. Increased titres of monomeric IgE in the blood. Increased numbers of mast cells and basophils. Decreased capacity for naturally acquired active immunity Increased IgM titres in the blood. Increased histamine release upon allergen exposure.

What is the final state of the current SIR model? d/dtS=bN-BS-μS d/dtI= B/S-YI – μI d/dtR=yI-μR All susceptible individuals become and remain infected All infected individuals become recovered The infection becomes endemic All recovered individuals become susceptible

What do all pathogens have in common?

An immunization (vaccination) reduces the chance that you will catch a severe case of a disease because the immunization increases the number of lymph nodes in the body increases the number of lymphatic vessels in the body decreases the number of antigens in the body for two weeks after the immunization causes the red blood cells to clot makes the immune system able to make more antibodies to the pathogen faster

During elongation of translation, which step comes most immediately after a peptide bond is formed? a new tRNA binds to the codon at the A site the anticodon of a charged tRNA makes complementary base pairs with the codon the uncharged tRNA falls off of the mRNA the ribosome reaches the terminator DNA the polymerase binds to the promoter

ADCC is... A mechanism by which antibodies attach to the surface of a parasite and induce destruction mediated by eosinophils A rock band A mechanism by which IgG inactivates microbes or toxins The agglutination of antigens caused by antibodies The activation of complement triggered by IgM or IgG

Mucous membranes and their secretions are.... A. Part of the adaptive immunity B. Part of the humoral immunity C. Virulence factors D. Part of the 1st line of defense E. Part of the 2nd line of defense

Which of the following statements about dendritic cells is incorrect? They are part of the 2nd line of defense They are antigen presenting cells (APC) They are phagocytic cells They are part of the innate immunity All the statements are correct

The antibodies that can fix (i.e. activate) complement are... IgM and IgA IgG and IgA IgG and IgD IgM and IgG IgE and IgG

Natural killers... destroy virus-infected cells destroy tumor cells destroy cells lacking MHC I They are always active All the statements are true

Basophils... A. are phagocytic B. produce toxic proteins against large parasites C. enter infected tissues and destroy microbes D. are part of the 1st line of defense E. release histamine that is important in inflammation and allergies

Neutrophils... A. are antigen presenting cells (APC) B. produce toxic proteins against large parasites C. enter infected tissues and destroy microbes D. are part of the 1st line of defense E. All of the above

Interferons... A. are named like this because they interfere with viral multiplication A. are named like this because they interfere with viral multiplication C. are released by virus-infected cells causing nearby cells to produce antiviral proteins and be protected D. are produced by lymphocytes (gamma-interferon) or by virus-infected host cells (alpha and beta interferon) E. All of the above

Which type of immunity is induced by an injection of tetanus anti-toxin? Naturally-acquired active immunity Naturally-acquired passive immunity Artificially-acquiredactive immunity Artificially-acquired passive immunity Innate immunity

CTLs... binds to an Ag-MHCI complex on the surface of cells that are infected with viruses or became tumorous attach to target cells and release perforins and granzymes which induces apoptosis are part of the cellular immunity branch of the adaptive immunity are part of the 3rd line of defense All of the above

Salmonella enterica uses a Type III secretion system to inject bacterial proteins into the host cell. What is the effect of this VF in an infection with Salmonella? A. The host cell is triggered to take in the bacterium in a vacuole which is then protected against lysosomes. B. The bacterium eventually builds a pedestal structure to be able to permanently attach to the host. C. Signaling pathways in the host cells are disrupted which prevents the host cell from responding to the infection. D. The pathogen uses host proteins to build a clot which is then used by the pathogen to evade the immune system.

How is vaccination related to memory cells/memory responses? how does this relationship allow vaccination to protect us from severe illness (when we come into contact with the pathogen following vaccination)

Which of the following leaders was put to death by the Italians during WWII? A. Benito Mussolini B. Adolf Hitler C. Francisco Franco

Reed-Sternberg cells are indicative of A. Hodgkin lymphoma B. Leukemia C. Non-hodgkin lymphoma D. Multiple myeloma

Helper T cells: A. are activated by antigen presented with MHC II proteins. B. convert to plasma cells after they are activated. C. do not interact with MHC proteins. D. secrete antibodies that target specific antigens. E. secrete perforin when activated.

More women than men are affected by autoimmune diseases. True False

Which of the following diseases are know to cause secondary immune deficiency? DiGeorge syndrome Al of the above Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome HIV

In the 1950's, it was discovered that the Minamata Bay in Japan was contaminated with A. mercury B. argon C. arsenic D. iron

Given the transfusion scenario presented below, discuss whether or not an immune reaction would be expected: A person with A+ blood receives B- blood In your response, you must address these three parts of the question: "Would an immune reaction be expected (0.5 points)? "If a reaction is expected, would it be due to blood type incompatibility, Rh factor incompatibility, or both (1 point)? *Briefly explain why an immune reaction would or would not be expected (1.5 points)

Vascular permeability participates in the inflammatory response by Responding to bradykinin and histamine Facilitating the movement of fluid into the tissue as part of edema Facilitating delivery of WBCs and platelets to the sit of injury All of the above

Active acquired adaptive immunity develops through prior exposure, either through vaccination or actual exposure to the pathogen True Fabe

System Interactions Description of the systems, organs and/or specialized cells that are affected Where does this affect (You can focus on different systems, or different cells, or a combination of the two here) Include links to concepts covered in class - could be cells, tissues or systems A diagram that relates to which systems/organs/cells are affected -15% of the page(s)

Which of the following statements are true of pyrogens? All of the above Can originate from within (endogenous) or outside (exogenous) the body Cause fevers which are always detrimental if not managed by anti-pyretic medications (like Tylen Act on the thymus to moderate body temperature

Wound healing is affected by many factors, which of the factors listed here could potentially interfere with or prolong healing time? Obesity Al of the above Diabetes Use of corticosteroids

An overactive spleen would most likely result in Splenic function has no impact on platelet count Increased platelet count Decreased platelet count

What European was no longer in power by the time of the V-E Day celebration at the end of WWII in1945? A. Adolf Hitler B. Francisco Franco C. Joseph Stalin D. Winston Churchill

If an industry was visited by the WPB during WWII, what was being asked of that industry? A. Make war materials B. Close its doors C. End labor unions D. Increase wages 50%

Please give and explain biological activities and therapeutic values of Eravacycline.

Which of the following descriptions best explains the concept of seroconversion? Describes the development of antibodies to HIV which can then be detected in the blood Describes the amount of HIV in the blood Al of the above Represents the transition from being HIV positive to actually having AIDS

In a 75-year-old patient who had bed rest for 4 weeks after a fracture of the femoral neck, a temperature of 38.5°C has appeared, a cough with phlegm and dyspnea. On a rentgenogram were found foci of darkening in the lower parts of the lungs. Staphylococcus was found in sputum. Blood test: leukocytes - 15x10⁹/1 Questions: 1. What disease has developed in the patient? 2. Describe this disease according to its clinical and morphological features. 3. What are the possible causes of this disease?

A 39-year-old man, who previously considered himself to be practically healthy, felt severe pain in the epigastric region and strong weakness while performing heavy physical work. After 20 minutes the pains weakened but there were complaints of nausea and vomiting. On examination: the state of moderate severity, arterial pressure is 70/45 mm Hg, sinus bradycardia. Careful palpation revealed no signs of a gastrointestinal pathology. After ECG registration, the patient was hospitalized with the diagnosis "Acute left ventricular infarction". Questions: 5. List possible causes of heart attack in the absence of pre-infarct symptomatology (for example, angina pectoris) 6. List the most common complications of acute myocardial

The presence of which of the following class of antibodies indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination? IgA lgG lgD IgM IgE

Which of the following mechanism/s help/s to prevent autoimmunity (attack of self-antigens)? A. The maturation of T cells in the thymus B. The maturation of B cells in the red bone marrow C. T regulatory cells kills other B or T cells that recognize self-antigens D. A and C E. A, B, and C

While Gl and Pulmonary Anthrax have a mortality rate of up to 99% the mortality rate of cutaneous anthrax is lower. How can this be explained? The pathogen has a capsule to avoid phagocytosis but there are no WBCs in the skin to track down the pathogen. The pathogen is resistant to antibiotics so is difficult to treat in the lungs or gut. The pathogen produces a toxin that cannot penetrate the skin but is toxic in the lungs. The pathogen can be identified by the eschar notifying patients to seek treatment.

If the per capita death rate is 0.17 and there are 14 000 individuals in the population, then the number of deaths expected in the year would be around 2400 823 2800 3200

Which one of the following statements is TRUE of C-I drugs? Are stocked in only specially registered pharmacies Have no legitimate medical use Contain limited quantities of narcotic and non-narcotic drugs Have the least abuse potential

Read the following quotation about melanoma, a kind of skin cancer, answer the question. "Thirty-one patients with histologically confirmed measurable metastatic melanoma were enrolled [in this] study" ("Melanoma," 2006, p. 372). Identify which of the following paraphrase is done correctly for a lay audience. This study used thirty-one patients whose melanoma (a type of skin cancer) could not be removed by surgery and had obviously spread ("Melanoma," 2006, p. 372). All the participants in the study (31) had microscopically established melanomas that were metastasizing and were not good candidates for surgical Intervention ("Melanoma," 2006, 372). Participants in this study all had melanoma ("Melanoma," 2006, p. 372).

Who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993 for inventing PCR? Gregor Mendel Thomas Morgan Kary Mullis Watson and Crick

A colleague asks you to interpret an acid-fast stain on a patient's sputum sample. What is your interpretation? They must have messed-up; this can't be an acid-fast stain The patient HAS a mycobacterium infection The patient does NOT have a mycobacterium infection There are acid-fast cells, but they don't look like mycobacteria