Human Health and Diseases Questions and Answers

Endotoxin is responsible for symptoms caused by which of the following organisms? S. pyogenes L. monocytogenes C. botulinum N. meningitidis C. tetani

If a person has recovered from a disease but continues to shed disease agents, that person is a... vector fomite carrier Vehicle

All of the following are examples of communicable diseases except... chickenpox Tetanus COVID-19 the common cold measles

A man takes a roll of dollar bills out of his pocket and "peels" off a few to pay the restaurant tab. Each time he peels, he wets his thumb with saliva. What is the hazard involved?

Explain the most likely reason why smallpox was successfully eradicated but Naegleria probably never will be. The symptoms of smallpox are easier to identify than the symptoms of Naegleira, so some carriers of Naegleria are not accurately diagnosed. This can lead to asymptomatic carriers present within the population of susceptible individuals, spreading the pathogen. Since there are very few cases of naegleria each year, there is little financial incentive to push health organizations to eradicate the illness through worldwide vaccination. Smallpox was ONLY found in humans; Naegleria is found in an environmental reservoir. We cannot reasonably eliminate Naegleria in all of the fresh water reservoirs that exist. Smallpox was far easier to vaccine the world population against than Naegleria is due to the lower number of injections required-it becomes a compliance issue.

Drag the correct term to the correct definition. Condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules Synthesizes proteins III Store excess nutrients within cytoplasmic structures Inclusions of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer Filled with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and carbonic anhydrase Structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable = Endospores =Carboxysome =Magnetosomes =Nucleoid = Inclusions =Plasmids =Ribosomes

Which activity might lead to damage of a microscope and specimen? Adjusting the diaphragm to obtain more light under high power Cleaning the ocular and objectives with lens paper Using the coarse adjustment to focus the specimen under high power Focusing with low power first before moving the high power into position

Explain in details why it is important for nurses and people in the medical field to know about heart attacks and how risk factors are different from women and men. Also, be specific on why it is important for nurses to know this information. Answer in 8-12 sentences.

Which of the following would be LEAST able to make bacteria more virulent and infectious? (A) the ability to evade nonspecific and specific body defenses (B) the secretion of lipoteichoic acid, which contributes to septic shock (C) increasing the rate of bacterial replication (D) increasing the production of proteins allowing bacterial pili to extend and contact other pili (E) the sudden ability of the bacteria to infect several different kinds of species rather than only one

Which of the following statements is correct about B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes? Both of them are leukocytes. All the three statements are correct. B cells attack pathogens specifically, while T cells attack them non-specifically. Both of them are developed in the thymus.

If you answer the question correctly, the extra points will be manually added by the instructor later (it won't be added automatically). Select ALL the choices below that is/are true of the viral family Coronaviridae. It includes some viruses that can cause common colds It includes the virus that causes COVID-19 The viruses in this family carries reverse transcriptase It includes the virus that causes SARS and MERS It exhibits latency All viruses in this family have +ssRNA

Which of these can give you exposure to mutagens? Mark all correct answers. sunbathing or tanning salon Tornado that damage radiation-emitting equipment Chemotherapy in hospital Exposure to weapons that do no emit radiation

One of the primary concepts of biology is natural selection which is based on the principle of an organism s ability to adapt to their surrounding environment. This concept also applies to all life on Earth, and it is certainly applicable to people in the workplace as well. Thinking futuristic, to when you will have established your unique niche in the medical field, what traits do you possess that will give you the ability to adapt and thrive within your workplace environment? Write a one paragraph well-written answer to the above question to earn 10 points.

Peptic ulcers are caused by damage to the wall of the stomach by the acids that help digest food. This can be caused by the failure of tight junctions adhering junctions gap junctions plasmodesmata adhering and gap junctions

Match the individual on the left to his contribution to microbiology on the right. Individual Hippocrates Thucydides Marcus Terentius Varro Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Contribution to Microbiology First to observe single-celled organisms and dubbed them as "animalcules" and "wee beasties" First to demonstrate the connection between a microbe and a disease Known as the "father of Western Medicine" First to propose that things we cannot see can cause disease Known as the "father of scientific history" and advocated for evidence-based scientific reasoning Demonstrated that microorganisms cause fermentation.

As our bodies gets older, we have a higher tendency to form tumors and cancers. What causes this? Repair of DNA mistakes does not occur as efficiently as we get older. Our cells are dividing at a faster rate as we get older. Most people end up smoking at a faster rate as we get older. DNA mutates at a faster rate as we get older.

What do saliva, tears, and nasal mucus have in common? All can be classified as biological barriers. All contain Langerhans cells. All can destroy bacterial cell walls. All are part of the complement system.

Some years ago, the CDC noticed a puzzling trend: Reported cases of salmonellosis seemed to soar in the summer months and then drop radically in September. Can you venture a guess as to why this is so? [3.3]

A patient's own E. coli bacteria colonized his catheter during his hospital stay. This is an example of a: A) Community-acquired infection. B) Healthcare-acquired infection. C) Communicable disease. D) Contagious disease. E) None of the above.

The most common example of lymphatic nodules is typically the medulla of the thymus the cortex of the spleen the red bone marrow the tonsils

Q6.3. A disease has been introduced to a population of 1,000 susceptible people. Infected people are contagious for about 3 days, and the overall rate of transmission between susceptible and infected people is 0.0002 (per day). Based on this information, is the disease likely to cause an epidemic? Why or why not? (Hint: Calculate R₁ for this disease to answer the question.) Use the dropdowns below to complete your answer. The disease is __to cause an epidemic because Ro is than 1.0.

Q6.7. During many epidemics, health-care professionals emphasize the importance of community mitigation strategies, such as wearing masks, frequent hand-washing, and social distancing. Why is it important for people to adopt these strategies? These strategies are only effective with full compliance, so everyone must be encouraged to practice them. These strategies are the best way to reduce the length of time that a person is able to transmit disease. These strategies help reduce transmission, even when drug-based treatments and vaccines are unavailable. These strategies help the population achieve herd immunity, which doesn't require that everyone is immune.

Imagine that a new, deadly coronavirus arises and starts a global pandemic. Experts are worried because the disease spreads easily, having a basic reproductive number, Ro, of 5. The good news is that an effective vaccine is quickly developed. What minimum proportion of the population, p, would need to be vaccinated to ensure that the disease can no longer spread? Round your answer to two decimal places.

The use of electrostatic sprayers are a concern because a. the process has proven to be ineffective in applying adequate amounts of disinfectant b. the process is too expensive to be used often enough as required for effectiveness c. the workers are not trained adequately on the new fogging machines d, the risks of aerosolizing, misting, or fogging the disinfectants on humans hasn't been studied

A new disease has recently been discovered in a community, and you have been brought in to investigate. The disease appears to spread through drinking water, and it can be cured with antibiotics. What can you say about this disease? Use the dropdowns below to complete your answer. The pathogen __ is transmitted, and replicates ___ the replication machinery of the host cells.

There are many diseases that do not infect a person more than once, such as chicken pox and measles. What is responsible for this lifetime immunity? The innate immune response, because barriers to entering the body improve with age. The innate immune response, because adults have more white blood cells than children. The acquired immune response, because antibodies are developed from previous infections. The acquired immune response, because it responds rapidly to broad classes of pathogens.

Fifth sub-stage: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) A) Example: B) Explanation

6. According to the CDC video, about 1 in ___ hospital patients have an infection caused by medical care and 1 in ____ their of these infected patients will die a. 100, 50 b. 250, 500 c. 900,250 d. 25:9 e 100,8

About 30% of nosocomial infections are preventable through more stringent use of aseptic technique by healthcare professionals such as... a. washing hands b. preventing direct contact transmission c. using gloves d. using masks and shields e. all of the above

Botulism is caused by ingestion of a proteinaceous exotoxin; therefore, it can easily be prevented by... a. treating food with antibiotics. b. administering antibiotics to patients. c. heating food prior to consumption d. avoiding fecal contamination of food. e. filtering food.

Botulinum toxin and tetanus toxins are examples of... a. Neurotoxins Correct but incomplete b. Exotoxins c. Toxins produced by Gram-positive bacteria d, the most lethal substances known e. All of the above

A 4-year old girl presents at the emergency room with bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The child's mother reports that the child has had these symptoms for about 24 hours and she has not passed any urine for about 12 hours. The child is enrolled in a day care center and the group had recently made a field trip to a fast food place to learn about different jobs. The children had a lunch of beef burger, fries and cola after meeting with different workers. This field trip was 4 days earlier on Friday. The child had a temperature of 39C and showed physical signs of dehydration. Blood samples drawn showed evidence of greatly reduced kidney function and lysed red blood cells. What is your diagnosis and the responsible organism? Bloody diarrhea caused by Salmonella Bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum Food-borne listeriosis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes Food-borne intoxication with Campylobacter jejuni

A 58-year old lawyer presents in the emergency room with headache, irritability, generalized muscle pain and uncontrollable back spasms. He has become very restless and worried because he has had the back spasms that afternoon and they became extremely painful. He injured himself about 10 days earlier, puncturing his left arm with a nail from an old barn he is tearing. The wound has produced moderate quantities of pus, but he has been keeping it clean. What is your diagnosis and which organism is causing it? Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus pyrogenes Tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani Boils caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is most true about inflammation? A Inflammation is the body showing that it's losing the fight against infection. B Inflammation causes cool, moist skin. C Heat and inflammation should be controlled by taking aspirin or tylenol. D Inflammation is one type of barrier against infection.

Familial cancer syndromes are rare, but those that exist are typically due to inherited germ-line mutations in what type of cancer associated genes? oncogenes passenger mutations proto-oncogenes tumor suppressors

4. What term is best used to describe the parasitic process in which a host bacterial cell carries and replicates with viral DNA as part of its chromosome? Temperate phage Lysogeny Bacteriophage Virophage

Select true statements about community- vs hospital-acquired MRSA. Community-acquired MRSA is more virulent Hospital-acquired MRSA is more virulent Hospital-acquired MRSA exhibits higher resistance to antibiotics Community-acquired MRSA affects healthy individuals Community-acquired MRSA exhibits higher resistance to antibiotics

Which statement is true about a New England Journal of Medicine study about twins and cancer? Environment was judged to have played a relatively small role in inherited cancer likelihood. There was no significant correlation concerning cancer from one twin to another. None of these statements is correct. There was about a 70% chance if one twin contracted cancer, that the other twin would also get that same cancer. Environment played a dominant role compared to genetics in cancer likelihood amongst twins. Fraternal and identical twins have about the same chance of contracting cancers.

In 1890, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated the efficacy of serum transfer at conferring infection resistance a process now known as passive immunity. The researchers isolated serum from animals that had recovered from infection with the diphtheria bacilli and subsequently injected the serum into other healthy animals. This procedure conferred specific resistance against the pathologic effects of diphtheria infection in the recipient animals. Which of the following immune phenomena were primarily responsible for these effects? Pathogen-specific B and T cells from the original infected animals triggered a robust immune response after re-exposure to diphtheria antigens in the recipient animal. Inflammatory cytokines in the transferred serum increased the strength and efficacy of innate immune system activity. Diphtheria-specific antibodies in the transferred serum neutralized bacillus toxins and promoted bacterial elimination by innate effector cells. Serum complement proteins in the transfer directly promoted bacterial cell lysis and phagocytosis. The recipient animal s immune response to the foreign serum further activated host immune system function, allowing greater response to the bacillus infection.

Why does the author mention DNA-sequencing in the essay "Clinical Testing on Animals"? Perhaps scientists in the near future can use DNA sequencing and simulations to create a robust solution that uses mathematical models to predict if a medicine can work. A possible solution and alternative to clinical testing. It gives the author's analysis to the situation. It is a part of the illustration.

This is a case study of Clarissa Dalloway, the first child born to a couple living in an isolated fishing village in Maine. The family was descended from 17th Century settlers in the region and there was much intermarriage (of up to first cousins). Clarissa was normal until she was about 2 and 1/2 years old. At this point, she stopped eating well, often suffered from diarrhea, and lost weight. After going to the doctor's, she was found to have enlarged lymph nodes. An ultrasound and CT scan of the chest and abdomen found enlarged lymph nodes in the mesentery and para-aortic region. Her blood count showed normal lymphocyte numbers but increased neutrophils and macrophages, as well as increased levels of antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM were all above normal). A biopsy of a lymph node showed clusters of macrophages and neutrophils with many of the macrophages being infected with Mycobacterium avium, M. avium, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis), infects macrophages and replicates within them. Treatment of Clarissa with antibiotics but she went on to develop an enlarged spleen with lung nodules. She eventually cleared or appeared to clear the infection. At the age of 6, she developed sepsis and Salmonella typhi was cultured. This was successfully cured by antibiotic treatment. Within a few months, however, she developed meningitis and died. M. avium was found in her cerebrospinal fluid. Clarissa had three male cousins, two were brothers and both died from mycobacterial infection. Given this case study, answer the following questions. Some additional information: In staining the biopsy for various cell markers, the macrophages and neutrophils seemed to be "working" properly, but recruited NK and T-cells did not express activation markers. Given this additional information, what would you suspect may be an underlying issue (check all that apply)? The recruited NK and T-cells could not respond to the proteins being expressed by the macrophages. There was a problem with B-cells. There may be a deficiency in the signaling between the innate cells and the acquired immune cells. Since there seems to be a deficient response to M. avium (an intracellular pathogen) infection, suggests that a type of signaling induced by this stimulation is deficient.

Describe each type of infection in the following list and include the mode of transmission in each scenario. Use terms such as primary, secondary, healthcare-associated, STI, mixed, latent, toxemia, chronic, zoonotic, asymptomatic, local, and systemic to describe the types of infections (more than one term may apply, some may not apply to these conditions) 1) The development of Pneumocystisis pneumonia in an AIDS patient 2) Salmonellosis 3) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection acquired while vacationing in a log cabin

Diseases that can be spread from one person to another are called A. common diseases B. communicable diseases C. communitive diseases

The Clostridium bacteria actually makes a food can bulge in the top. What kind of toxin does it produce? A. harmless toxin B. healthy toxin C. toxin as a gas

1. All of the following are aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of food in the kitchen, except using a common cutting board for meat and vegetables cleaning cooking surfaces covering food handwashing

The RN educates the patient regarding the importance of proper cooking temperatures to destroy microbes. As a general rule, she advises the patient to heat meat to at least 80°C and hold it there for how long? 20 minutes 60 minutes 30 minutes 10 minutes

Which of the following diseases is the result of the body's immune system attacking the neurons? Arachnold cysts Encephalitis Multiple sclerosis Tropical spastic paraparesis

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease? Botulism Polio Rabies Listeriosis

From the sample conclusion paragraph, which passage is a Tie Back to Theme? A. In "The Lady, or the Tiger" Stockton B. The story is about a princess who must choose whether she would prefer to see her lover die... C. It is clear that Stockton uses symbolism throughout the story; the tiger represents jealousy... D. Stockton...thematically suggests that love never ends well no matter what the circumstances

Select the best answer for the question. Healthy strategies for losing weight include eating healthy foods and exercising. Which of the following is false regarding healthy versus unhealthy dieting practices? A. Males are least likely to engage in using laxatives or vomiting to lose weight. B. Fasting is considered a healthy weight loss option. C. A regimen of exercise and a reduced fat diet is a healthy option for weight loss. D. Fasting is the most popular method of unhealthy dieting among girls.