Human Health and Diseases Questions and Answers

Biology You are working in a lab that is studying mice that are genetically prone to developing a condition similar to multiple sclerosis a disease in which autoreactive CD4 T cells cause pathology in the central nervous system You notice that a very high rate of mice that are infected with rotavirus a virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract go on to develop multiple sclerosis like symptoms Which of the following is the MOST likely mechanism underlying this observation Group of answer choices The rotavirus infection leads to T cell exhaustion that limits autoimmune disease relapse Monocytes and macrophages activated by the rotavirus infection traffic to the central nervous system and cause pathology there The rotavirus infection leads to the production of IgA antibodies that cross reactively recognize antigens in the central nervous system The rotavirus infection interferes with negative selection of autoreactive B cells in the bone marrow The rotavirus infection leads to an influx of PRR ligands from the gut leading to upregulation of co stimulatory molecules on DCs presenting self antigens from

Results on a CBC are listed below What is the most likely explanation for these results Results on a CBC are listed below WBC 9 000 L Hgb 15 0 g dL HCT 35 RBC 4 1 x 106 L PLT 210 000 L MCV 85 fL MCH 36 6 pg MCHC 42 9 RDW 14 0 What is the most likely explanation for these results 4 falsely high hemoglobin due to lipemia O The results are consistent and can be reported as they are O falsely low hematocrit due to leukocytosis high MCHC due to spherocytosis

Which ONE correctly finishes the sentence Proto oncogenes are O A cancer causing genes that are only in tumor cells and not in normal cells O B normal genes that encode cell cycle control proteins OC oncogenes that are converted to proto oncogenes by mutation O D genes that code for anti cancer proteins such as antibodies O E are limited to malignant metastatic cancer cells

Which ONE is the mechanism utilized by cancer cells to gain access to intravasation and exit from extravasation the human circulatory system OA uncontrolled cell growth and cell division OB mutations occurring in cell cycle control proteins OC chromosome instability including chromosome loss OD down regulation of tumor suppressor protein synthesis O E crawling movement of cells that break away from a tumor

68 Describe one method of transmission o viruses from one organism to another 69 What is one type of cell other than animal cells that can host viruses

Question 49 This membrane protein class often serves as the bridge for viruses to attach a host cell s plasma membrane to gain entry into the cell O channel protein O cell to cell recognition protein O transport protein O receptor protein O Intercellular joining protein

Which of the following are components of the adaptive immune system I Macrophage II B plasma cells III Cytotoxic T cells IV Antibodies II and I only II III and IV only All are part of adaptive immunity I and II only

In the human microbiome anaerobes are found most frequently at which body site O Nose Buccal space Axilla O Genitourinary tract O Colon

which Short answers 1 The figure shows the plaque like pseudomembrane of is characteristic of a localized infection However the disease can become systemic why How does the pathogen affect the host cells

2 What is meant by biological function of a vector and how is the infectious agent typically ransmitted to the host

12 allows for resistance against drugs such as penicillin a Lysozyme b Catalase c lactamase 1 Peroxidase

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication View Available Hint s O interferons OT lymphocytes Ophagocytes complement proteins

44 What is the difference between indirect contact transmission and vehicle transmission Explain and give an example of each

How many subtypes does HIV Group M have a 4 Ob 9 O c 11 Od 12

Rx Morphine sulfate 8 mg Subq q4h prn In stock vial labeled 15 mg ml 1 Sig 2 How many ml for 1 dose 3 Indication

Summary Question An organism s stress response is a complex physiological phenomen which can be initiated and regulated in several different ways Based on your analysis in all three sections of this case study answer the following questions Make sure to cite any particular figures to support your answer a In general how does stress or trauma affect the HPA axis If there is more than one effect describe each separate effect e g one effect on gene expression and a separate effect on circulating hormone levels b In general how can stress or trauma be inherited across generations If there is

In batch culture conditions during which stage of bacterial growth is growth balanced and at an optimum rate Early stationary phase O Exponential phase O Death phase Lag phase Late stationary phase

most common examples of diseases HAI a Respiratory b Diarrheal diseases c Urinary tract infections d Surgical site infections 21 contribute to the spread of vector born infectious diseases a Political instability and war b Water systems that distribute water to large areas c Mass production and distribution of food d Climate changes 22 involves inflammation of the pharynx with formation of pus pockets on tonsils a anthrax b diphtheria c strep throat d pneumonia

Which of the following is NOT a method used by viruses to enter host cells O Fusion of viral envelope with mammalian cell membrane O Receptor mediated endocytosis into mammalian endosome O Production of enzymes that lyse the host cell O Direct injection of nucleic acid through the bacterial cell wall O Direct cell to cell movement through plasmodesmata in plant cell walls

Case Study How Do Bacteria Become Resistant Part 1 What is MRSA No matter what doctors did the baby s oxygen levels were dropping as a drug resistant bacteria were eating holes in the lungs of the 7 week old Even the most powerful antibiotics could not stop the infection Just two days ago Madeline had started coughing a symptom the doctor dismissed as a viral infection Then Madeline s mother found her limp and blue in her crib and she was rushed to the hospital She was diagnosed with sepsis and a virulent pneumonia that was destroying her lungs It was MRSA The methicillin resistant form of the bacterium commonly known as staph was first identified in the 1970 s in hospitals but it has since spread across the world showing up in day cares schools and other public spaces Today 1 2 million MRSA infections occur in hospitals in the U S and invasive MRSA kills over 19 000 per year The bacterium can sometimes colonize a person and not cause illness The person can carry it on their bodies for years and pass them to other people or leave them on surfaces Hospitals have mounted aggressive campaigns to eliminate MRSA from their facilities Madeline s parents wondered how she had contracted this dangerous bacterium Madeline s family agreed to tests to determine if any of them were carrying the deadly bacteria or if the child contracted the bacteria from the hospital The hospital protested claiming that their facility is not the source of MRSA In the past penicillin was used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections Shortly after S aureus became resistant to penicillin During the 1950s derivatives of penicillin was discovered by pharmaceutical companies that could treat Staphylococcus aureus The graph below depicts the Spread of Antibiotic Resistant S aureus Infections in the United States Separate curves are shown for bacteria that caused infections in the hospital Hospital Acquired and in healthy people in the community Community Acquired Percent S aureus Resistant 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hospital Acquired Community Acquired Hospital Acquired Penicillin Resistant Methicillin Resistant Community Acquired 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 Year 1 Based on the graph make an inference about where the community acquired penicillin resistant S aureus originated from

Provide two examples of vertical transmission of a pathogen

11 Ebola virus disease is feared because of the high a Incidence b Attack rate e Prevalence 1 Case fatality rate

antibodies themselves do not destroy antigen they inactivate and or tag it for destruction briefly explian three inactivation mechanisms which are principles for clinical diagnosis

Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria O move toward an attractant or away from a repellent O avoid phagocytosis O respond metabolically to the presence of autoinducer molecules O move on solid surfaces by means of type IV fimbriae O exchange genetic material

the normal microbiota which is false a Contributes to the normal development of the immune system b It is found on akin and mucous membranes e The normal microbiota of the colon does not produce vitamins for the host d Aids in the process of digestion of high fiber foods 2 To establish an infection a pathogen must first a deal with the immune system of the host b attach to host cells e compete with the normal microbiota d increase in numbers 3 Concerning infectious diseases which statement is false a Primary pathogens cause disease in otherwise healthy people b Damages from a primary infection can lead to secondary infections e Signs are subjective effects experienced by the patient d Systemic infections typically occur when the pathogen gain access to the bloodstream 4 Which indicates how long it takes for the onset of an infectious disease a Prodromal period Recurrence Incubation period Convalescence C C

hitte meld 1A b Attack rate 16 Zoonotic diseases are caused by microbes whose reservoirs are a soil or water b foods e wild or domesticated animals d humans with symptomatic infections 17 Which typically exits the human host through semen and vaginal secretions a Neisseria gonorrhoeae b Vibrio cholerne e Staphylococcus aureus d Mycobacterium tuberculosis 18 With the exception of all are examples of vehicle transmission of a foodbore b airborne e waterborne d vector bome 19 in 1918 19 a m case of influenza A virus strain 111N1 killed over 50 million people worldwide a endemic b epidemic e outbreak

7 The allows for camouflage a IgA protease b Fe receptors for antibodies e streptolysin O d capsule made of hyaluronic acid of Streptococcus pyogenes

ich is false of antibiotics and resistance a The efflux pumps enable resistance by decreasing the uptake of the antibiotic b Spontaneous mutations can result in changes of the target of the drug c Absence of the target for the antibiotic is one example of innate resistance d The transfer of plasmids plays a crucial role in the spread of resistance 13

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria View Available Hint s O All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface O The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells The phagocytes look for the absence of self proteins

13 Zoonotic diseases are caused by microbes whose reservoirs are a soil b carriers c humans with symptomatic infections dwild or domesticated animals e water or food 14 Pathogens leave the host through portals of exit and usually in secretions and excretions Which typically exits the human host through semen and vaginal secretions a Neisseria gonorrhoeae b Mycobacterium tuberculosis c Staphylococcus aureus d Vibrio cholerae e Escherichia coli 15 Polysaccharides are converted to T dependent antigens in response in children against Haemophilus influenza type b a inactivated whole agent vaccines b subunit vaccines c toxoids d VLP vaccines to elicit an immune HE

40 This is part of the body s first line of defense A Collagenase B Inflammation C Lymphocytes D Macrophages E Resident microbiota 1 Extra Credit In an ironic twist of fate Ignaz Semmelweiss is believed to have die from A A staph infection B African sleeping sickness C C diff D Puerperal fever E Tetanus

Hybrid immunity seems to be the best immunity What s a drawback to it O It wanes very quickly O It involves actually getting Covid O It involves many booster shots

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria thus enhancing phagocytosis View Available Hint s O interferons O natural killer NK cells antibodies and complement proteins OT cells

32 Which of the following is considered a sign of disease A Blurry vision B Dizziness C Fever D Headache E Joint pain 33 Which step of phagocytosis is inhibited by organisms like Legionella pneumophil which can cause incomplete phagocytosis A Attachment to the pathogen B Display of the antigens C Finding the pathogen D Fusion of the lysosome and phagosome on in noth gon Krivo

suffer from hemophilia than females because of which of the following 0 00 0 21 A B me codes for hemophilia Males are more likely to Speed 1x Females have no copies of the X chromosome Males have two copies of the X chromosome Males have only one copy of the X chromosome Paused

During the prodromal period of disease A The pathogen is reproducing without any symptoms present B The person feels some nonspecific symptoms C The person is almost completely recovered from the disease D The person is experiencing clear signs and symptoms of the disease E The person is starting to feel better after the illness but is still clearly sick

42 Draw and label a graph showing the severity of signs and symptoms during the course of a disease

A double blind trial means that The participant and the administrator of the vaccine do not know which group is which O The participant does not know which group is which but the administrator of the vaccine does O Both the participant and the administator of the vaccine know which group is which O The administrator of the vaccine does not know which group is which but the participant does

18 Which of the following cells are considered phagocytes A B lymphocytes B Monocytes C Neutrophils D B and C E All of the above 19 Which of the following is a good example of a fomite A A cough from more than 1 meter away B A mosquito C A shared coffee cup D An open wound

Which of the following vaccine types contains viruses capable of causing infection O Antigen O Inactivated Attenuated

The secondary immune response is the primary response O Longer lasting O Less effective Slower tha

The cell mediated immunity Cytotoxic T cells will help fight viruses by O Killing infected cells O Neutralizing viruses by binding to them Engulfing viruses floating in the blood

Exercise physiology like biomechanics is a subdiscipline in the biophysical sphere O False O True

Approximately how long does it take to get th full primary response O 2 months O 1 day 2 weeks

OA Grey fox B White footed mouse OC Opossum OD Chipmunk QUESTION 8 The mechanism of succession that is less likely to occur is OA Individualistic model B Inhibition model C Facilitation model

Which type of test would NOT be helpful in conclusively showing that a patient is currently infected with SARS CoV 2 a the rapid antigen test b the PCR test Oc the antibody test

to mitosis and the cell cycle 4 pts B Give one example of how a cancer cell s appearance would be different than a normal non cancerous cell 3 pts C Give one example of a treatment that is used to fight cancer and explain how it interferes with the cell cycle 3 pts

Cancer and the Cell Cycle A Cancer is said to be a cell cycle disease Explain what is meant by this and how cancer is related to mitosis and the cell cycle 4 pts

The main mode of transmission of SARS CoV 2 is a direct contact via skin Ob airborne nuclei Oc foodborne or waterborne transmission O d droplet transmission Oe all of the above

All of the following are prion based diseases EXCEPT a hepatitis B Ob scrapie Oc mad cow disease O d chronic wasting disease of elk J