Molecular Basis of Inheritance Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not accurate? There are spliceosomes in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes The ribosomes of eukaryotes are larger than in prokaryotes The mRNA transcript of the DNA of eukaryotes has a 5' cap only The DNA is eukaryotes contains noncoding regions

A chemical called 5-bromouracil is a base analog classified as a mutagen because it resembles thymine structurally and in its ability to base pair with cytosine. True False

What allows enormous lengths of DNA to be folded inside the nucleus and from prevents chromatin becoming tangled during mitosis? A. chromosome B. ribosome C. centrioles D. nucleosome

How can we best describe a double helix? A. circle B. twisted ladder C. tube

Why is it necessary for DNA to replicate? A. DNA must be copied before a cell can divide. B. DNA must replicate to avoid breaking down. C. DNA does not need to be replicated.

Two or more versions of the same gene that contain somewhat different DNA sequences & may code for sligthly different versions of the same protein are called: adaptations alleles phenotypes chromosomes gametes

In the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) uses a tyrosyl radical in its mechanism electrons for the reduction ultimately come from NADPH they hydroxyl at position 2 of ribose is converted to a hydrogen all of the above are true none of the above are true

What rules simplify the process of replication? A. The rules of base pairing. B. The rules of engagement. C. The rules of replication. D. The rules of RNA.

Predict the expression of the lac operon in a cell with a lacO- mutation: The lac genes would be expressed only in the presence of lactose. The lac genes would never be expressed. The lac genes would be expressed only in the absence of lactose. The lac genes would be expressed constitutively.

Which of the following choices represents the expected behavior of a mutant that can longer make a functional Lacy protein? Lactose enters the cell and is broken down normally. Nothing happens because we do not know Lacy's real function. Lactose cannot be converted to Allolactose after entering the cell. Lactose enters the cell but cannot be broken down. Lactose cannot enter the cell.

If E. coll cells are grown in a medium with no sugars, what is the expected behavior of the CAP Activator? CAMP would be bound to the CAP Activator. Lacl would be bound to the CAP Activator. The CAP Activator would be bound to the operator site. Allolactose would be bound to the CAP Activator.

Which of the following statements about mutations and genetic disease are correct? Check all that apply. Some genetic diseases may be caused by the substitution of only one incorrect amino acid in a protein. An error in an RNA sequence can be passed on to offspring as a genetic disease. It is possible for the substitution of one base for another to have no effect on an organism. A frameshift mutation affects only the codon directly after the addition or deletion. Mutations can result from spontaneous events or external mutagens. A change in DNA sequence may change the pattern of protein folding, resulting in genetic disease.

The three basic parts of a nucleotide are phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base phosphate, deoxyriboses sugar, glycerol phosphate, hexose sugar, nitrogenous base carboxyl group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

Chargaff's Rule is best described by which statement? Radioactive phosphorus traced the activity of viral DNA to show that this was injected into cells Using enzymes to destroy protein, only chromosomal DNA could transform living bacteria All DNA exists in a specific ratio, so that the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine DNA made with a heavy isotope of nitrogen was replicated in a medium with the light isotope of nitrogen

The main support to the DNA molecule is provided by two backbones with run along the two side of the double helix. These backbones consist of Sugars and bases linked by esterpeptide bonds Phosphates joined by ester bonds Sugars and phosphate linked together by phosphodiester bonds Sugars joined by ester bonds

Which pair of letters would require a higher temperature (kinetic energy) to separate? The bonds holding nitrogen bases will not separate at any temperature C and D There is no way to know for sure A and B

Which statement below about mRNA is true? O A gene's promoter sequence is transcribed into mRNA. Translation begins at the 5' end of a molecule of mRNA. mRNA is complementary to the coding strand of DNA. Some regions of mRNA are not translated into amino acids.

The nucleotide at the end of one strand of a fragment of double-stranded DNA has a free phosphate attached to the 5' carbon of its deoxyribose sugar.The complementary nucleotide has: A free phosphate attached to the 3' carbon of its deoxyribose A hydroxyl group attached to the 5' carbon of its deoxyribose A free phosphate attached to the 5' carbon of its deoxyribose A hydroxyl group attached to the 3' carbon of its deoxyribose

Under ideal conditions, how do allele frequencies change over time? A. The frequency of the dominant allele increases over time. B. The frequency of the recessive allele increases over time. C. The allele frequency reaches equilibrium over time. D. The alleles eventually reach a 50/50 balance.

Q4.2. In the diagram below showing four DNA replication bubbles, RNA primers are shown as red while DNA is black. Which bubble has the correct 5' and 3' labels? Bubble A Bubble B Bubble C Bubble D

In DNA the backbone of the molecule is made of alternating Adenine and guanine alternating sugar and phosphate Cytosine and guanine bonded together none of the above

I. Number of codon variants II. Number of anticodon varieties III. Number of amino acid types IV. Number of nucleotide variants in the gene Accordingly, the ones given above are from big to small. Which of the following is correct in correct order given as?

Several blotting techniques are used to detect cellular macromolecules. Which of the following correctly links the blotting technique with the macromolecule that it detects? a. All of the above are correct. b. Eastern blotting detects proteins. c. Western blotting detects RNA. d. Southern blotting detects DNA. e. Northern blotting detects polysaccharides.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding DNA gel electrophoresis? a. The agarose gel acts as a molecular sieve separating DNA fragments based on physical size. b. By passing an electrical current through the gel, DNA fragments move toward the positive end. c. Fragments of known size are used to measure the size of the sample DNA. d. Larger DNA fragments will migrate further than will smaller DNA fragments. e. DNA needs to be stained in order to be visualized.

If a gene was 300 nitrogen base pairs in length (not counting punctuation codons), how long would the protein chain be? 900 amino acids 100 amino acids 450 amino acids 300 amino acids

The DNA molecule replicates itself and ensures that hereditary characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. The formation of two helical structures during DNA replication, II. breaking of weak hydrogen bonds, III. synthesis of nucleotides from organic base, IV. Which of the following is the correct order of the I. binding of nucleotides in the chain opposite the template chain? A) I, II, III, IV B) I, IV, III, II C) II, I, IV, II D) III, I, IV, II E) III, II, IV, I

The DNA molecule replicates itself, allowing hereditary traits to be passed down from generation to generation. allows it to be passed on to the next generation. During DNA replication, I. formation of two spiral structures, II. breaking of weak hydrogen bonds, II. synthesizing nucleotides from organic base, V. pattern of nucleotides in the chain opposite to the chain connecting In which of the following is the sequence of events occurring? given correctly? A) 1, I1, II, IV B) I, IV, II, 10 D) III, 1, V, II C) II, 1, IV, II E) II, I1, V, I

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? a. The two strands of the double helix would separate. b. The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide back-bone would be broken. c. The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. d. All the bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

What are sequences that have been duplicated or remnants from past genes, but no longer have the right sequence to produce a functional protein? RNA interference Alu transposon pseudogene noncoding RNA

Male housecats may be black or yellow. Females may be black, tortoise-shell pattern, or yellow. a If these colors are governed by a sex-linked locus, how can these results be explained? b Using appropriate symbols, determine the phenotypes expected in the offspring from the cross: Yellow female x Black male c Do the same for the reciprocal cross of part (b). d A certain kind of mating produces females, half of which are tortoise-shell and half are black; half the males are yellow and half are black. What colors are the parental males and females in such crosses?

Histone proteins control gene expression through chemical interactions that expose parts of the DNA to transcription factors, while shielding other parts. are male sex hormones. are inert spool-like structural supports around which DNA winds. bind to mRNAs, preventing their translation into protein.

Which codons are synonymous? CAC and CAU ACA and AGC UCC and GAC CAC and CAG

The large ribosomal subunit joins the initiation complex to begin _______ translation. termination elongation association initiation during

In transcription, the promoter is an enzyme that binds DNA. a recognition sequence in RNA that attracts ribosomes. a series of proteins that collectively bind to DNA. A DNA sequence that RNA polymerase binds.

A ribozyme is an RNA that can catalyze a specific chemical reaction. a stretch of uracil in RNA that directs splicing. an enzyme that catalyzes the assembly of ribosomes. an RNA-protein complex that cleaves DNA.

RNA differs from DNA in that it has deoxyribose instead of ribose. it is usually single-stranded. it is usually double-stranded. it has thymine instead of uracil.

The nitrogenous base that is in RNA but not in DNA is urea. thymine. uracil. thiamine.

Transcription factors function in the expression of genes by associating to initiate translation. initiating replication. halting the activity of RNA polymerase at the end of transcription. turning transcription of specific genes on or off.

A genetic code word is called a(n) amino acid. nodoc. proton. codon.

Frederick Griffith was a microbiologist who observed that DNA from heat-killed viruses transforms virulent viruses. DNA contains nitrogen and phosphorus. Oproteases disrupt transformation from nonvirulence to virulence. nonvirulent bacteria become virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria.

The process that produces mRNA from DNA is called translation. Otranscription. replication. processing. post-translational modification.

Which statement about RNA polymerase in bacteria is INCORRECT? It is bound to a sigma factor during initiation of transcription. It synthesizes RNA. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5' end of a growing RNA strand. It binds the promoter region of a gene. It dissociates from the DNA at the terminator.

In a eukaryotic genome, DNA replication starts at multiple sites along the length of each chromosome. one replication fork per chromosome. a single origin of replication. nucleosomes.

In DNA replication, the parental DNA splits and free nucleotides bond to their complements, building two DNA molecules from one. an entirely new double helix is built using information in the sequence of amino acids. parental DNA remains intact but guides formation of new double helices. parental DNA shatters into pieces and joins with newly-synthesized pieces to fashion two double helices from one.

The first and best-known DNA amplification technique is Sanger sequencing Okazaki synthesis next-generation sequencing the polymerase chain reaction

The DNA molecule is best described in which of the following ways? nitrogen-base backbone with varying phosphate composition sugar backbone with phosphate varying phosphate backbone with varying sugar content sugar-phosphate backbone with varying nitrogen-base composition

In a eukaryotic cell, the direct product of transcription is rRNA. DNA. pre-mRNA. mRNA. protein.

Intervening sequences dogma translation template transcription thymine transfer exons introns messenger adenine uracil nucleus splicing one polymerase

Where and when specifically does DNA replication occur? nucleus, only during sex mitochondria, when ATP needs to be made nucleus, when cell is preparing to divide ribosome, when protein synthesis occurs cytoplasm, when cell undergoes cytokinesis

Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize for: proving their miracle diet works establishing that DNA replication is semiconservative solving the structure of DNA proving that DNA is the genetic material showing that the amount of Adenine equals the amount of Thymine