Human Health and Diseases Questions and Answers

describe the a Dendritic cells displaying antigen via the class 2 pathway b B cell displaying antigen via the class 2 pathway c Infected cell displaying antigen by the class 1 pathway d Macrophage displaying antigen by the class 2 pathway e Dendritic cells displaying antigen via the class 1 pathway results consequences of two of the events items below 6pts

activated functional T or B cells that respond to or attack microbe antigen during a FUTURE re exposure to the microbe are called These cells are generated during for each choice the item before the semicolon goes into the first space item after the semicolon goes into the 2nd space O effector cells T or B cell activation memory cells T or B cell activation mast cells allergies phagocytes inflammation antigen presenting cells antigen presentation

Extra credit an allergen is antigen taken into the antigen presenting cell inside a vesicle the same thing as an endogenous antigen O antigen that has gained access to the cytosol of the antigen presenting cell an antigen that can turn on B cells without T cell involvement eukaryotic antigens in general what you are allergic to

The events in the last question should result in the following OTh cell releases perforin and granzymes NOT cytokines OTh cell kills the cell with surface antibody OTh cell multiplies differentiates and gains the ability to function cell with surface antibody multiplies and differentiates it also produces and releases soluble antibodie

extra credit immune individuals limiting the spread of a microbe through a population is called O humoral immunity active immunity cell mediated immunity herd immunity passive immunity

What do activated B cells do at the site of infection what is the function of activated B cells at site of infection Release antibodies help to turn on both CD4 and CD8 T cells that arrived at the site of infection release cytokines and chemokines that act on other defence cells like macrophages and sustain inflammation kill infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes release type 1 interferons do phagocytosis

one reason that secondary memory responses are stronger than primary responses is because there are more cells that recognize and respond to the antigen microbe in a secondary response O True O False

Which type of cell activates turns on T cells basophils macrophages dendritic cells O neutrophils B cells

What happens when a Th cell activated CD4T cell that recognizes a hepatitis b virus antigen encounters a B cell that is displaying FLU virus antigens OTh cell turns on the B cell nothing happens Th does not interact with do anything to the B cell O B cell will start to release antibodies O Th cell destroys the B cell O B cell destroys the Th cell the B cell turns on the Th cell

Which of the following is not a function or role of inflammation prevent the spread of microbes and the agent causing tissue damage O promotes or causes fever O helps phagocytes and complement to reach the site infection O tissue repair destroys or eliminates microbes and the agent causing tissue damage

What is the role of vaccination O make memory cells that protect you against future infection by a specific microbe strengthen the innate defenses to allow the innate and immune systems to work together make the primary response stronger causes primary response to occur more quickly

what is the role of IgG G class antibodies O all purpose antibody does nuetralization complement activation opsonization etc well O protects us during the early part of an infection O fighting off worms or other eukaryotic pathogens prevent microbes from infecting mucus membranes

binds to for each choice the item before the semicolon goes into the first space the item after the semicolon goes into the 2nd space a B cell that recognizes the spike protein of the AIDS virus HIV responds when its O BCR spike protein on the intact AIDS virus eg binds to AIDS virus directly O TCR portion epitope of the aids virus spike protein displayed by dendritic cell O BCR portion epitope of the aids virus spike displayed by a dendrtic cell O TCR portion epitope of the aids virus spike protein displayed by an infected cell O BCR the spike protein on intact covid 19 virus eg binds directly to the covid 19 virus

We can use antibodies to detect a specific microbe in a patient sample or to identify bacteria because of which property ability that antibodies have stimulate cells of innate defenses to release enzymes chemicals activate complement bind to a specific antigen or microbe do opsonization and agglutination do neutralization

the following should occur when the immune system is re exposed to a microbe it encountered in the past the amount of antibodies decline very rapidly within 2 weeks after re exposure to microbe memory cells are not binding responding to microbe O CTL kills infected cells less efficiently O T cells and B cells should respond more quickly e g become activated more quickly OTh cells should release lower amounts of cytokines than during the primary response

which antigen is mostly likely to be displayed by the class 1 pathway of antigen presentation O components of microbe that has entered the antigen presenting cell via a vesicle i e entered the cell via endocytosis bacterial exo toxin components of bacteria found in body fluids or extracellular space bacterial exo enzyme viral proteins made inside infected cell

arrange items 1 5 in the right sequence 1 C3 is cut 2 antibodies bind to microbe 3 C2 and C4 are cut 4 C1 binds to antibodies 5 Complement is turned ON 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 4 2 3 5 1 3 4 1 2 5 2 4 3 1 5

An activated T cell such as Th and CTL responds when its TCR binds to antigen and its CD28 binds to B7 Antibodies bind to it O its BCR binds to antigen Oit binds to the stem Fc region of antibodies that are sticking to the microbe it recognizes

antibodies are best described as protein spears and surface receptors used by B cells that bind to a specific antigen or microbe O another word for antibiotics surface receptors used by T cells to bind to antigen another word for cytokines O a surface receptor used by dedritic cells and macrophages to bind to the microbes they encounter

how do macrophages and dendritic cells respond when their TLR toll like receptors bind to microbes they encounter turn on complement shut off other aspects of host defenses gain the ability to recognize bind to and destroy a specific microbe or antigen release cytokines that signal alert other defense cells that the body has been infected

stopping antibiotics before your doctor says so O is OK because it prevents you from losing your normal flora ultimately increases the proportion percentage of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the population O is OK once you begin to feel well O reduces the spread of antibiotic resistance since this means you re NOT overusing antibiotics

which of the following does NOT describe an antibody immunoglobulin molecule is made by B cells the same B cell can make antibodies with different types of stems Fc regions the antibody molecule does NOT interact with components of the innate defences has two identical antigen binding sites binds to ONE specific antigen epitope microbe

B cell activation requires B cell binding to antigen displayed by class 1 pathway of antigen presentation O signals from CD8 T cells CTL only signals from CD4 T Th cells only B cell making physical contact with Dendritic cells B cell binding to antigen and signals from CD4 T Th cells

what is the function of CTL activated CD8T cells O release cytokines that help to activate CD4 T cells and B cells make release antibodies do phagocytosis O present antigen kill infected cells O turn on complement

O is defined as preventing microbes or toxins from attaching to our cells O is NOT done by complement is something that ANTI BIOTICS instead of anti bodies do to bacteria to control or eliminate them O is something done by anti BODIES immunoglobulins only helps facilitates phagocytosis

Blood type is an example of immunity therefore Type A blood carries the anti B antibodies A T cell mediated B passive C reversible D active

After reading the paragraph below answer the questions that follow Fred is a 24 year old college student whose father was just diagnosed with cardiovascular disease Since he knows that these problems often run in families Fred has asked his doctor to recommend a plan so that he can minimize his risk of developing similar problems The following are a few of the doctor s recommendations quit smoking exercise for at least 30 minutes per day reduce dietary saturated fats and trans fats and eat more fruits and vegetables Which of the following would match his doctor s recommendations Eat fewer foods that contain antioxidants Switch to a low carb diet Avoid cooking with olive oil Eat fewer foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

Which epithelial type is highlighted Otransitional epithelium O stratified squamous epithelium Opseudostratified columnar epithelium Osimple cuboidal epithelium

Undernutrition and overnutrition both are examples of malnutrition O True O False

when the body is invaded by microbe which of the following occurs FIRST O Complement activation by the classical pathway phagocytosis vasodilation and increased vascular leakage initial stage of inflammation antibodies are made and released complement activation by the alternate pathway OT and B cells are turned ON

a B cell that recognizes the spike of covid 19 virus sars cov 2 makes antibodies that bind the spike of the HIV aids virus only spike of the covid 19 virus only O any protein component of covid 19 virus not just the spike the spike protein of ANY virus the spike and RNA polymerase of the covid 19 virus O the spike of the flu virus only

Fever can be caused by O production of antiviral proteins AVP O CTL destroying infected cells inflammation O phagocytes digesting lots of microbes resulting in IL 1 release during severe infecti

which of the following events turns on activates T and B cells Release of type 1 interferons fever OT and B cells bind to the antigen epitope that they recognize antibodies bind to T and B cells complement activation

Extra credit which of the following is NOT involved in cooperation between the innate defenses and the immun system complement activation by lectin pathway TLR toll like receptors macrophages inflammation Antibodies Th T helper cells

the differential white blood cell count Refers ONLY to the number of T cells and B cells in the blood O refers ONLY to the number of white blood cells that are NOT T and B cells does NOT change during the course of infection can help us determine whether the patient is recovering from infection is the amount of antibodies in the blood includes the amount of complement proteins in the blood

extra credit an individual is protected by the immune or defense mechanisms such as antibodies of another individual is known as herd immunity cellular immunity humoral immunity passive immunity active immunity

What is the main function of NK cells Destroy infected host cells O Destroy MHC class I molecules O Destroy pathogens Destroy host cells

What does T cell activation require MHC degradation B cell transformation Antigen reduction Antigen presentation

What blocks many terrifying disease such as rabies from becoming wide spread O Many diseases lose their pathogenicity when in humans Humans with the disease are easily spotted and quarantined Humans are not easily able to pass the disease to other humans The very easy of infecting a human stops the transmission of the pathogen

extra credit class switching done by B cells in response to infection of the mucus membrane is most likely to produce which class of antibody O IgA IgG IgE OlgD o lab

explain how CD8 T cells CD4 T cells and B cells work together in the lymphoid tissues

A fascinating discovery is that the oral contraceptives will also prevent HIV infection True Falco

HIV has been a challenging virus and the development of a vaccine has been very difficult although other means of prevention are available However when we compare this to Covid the Covid vaccine has been an amazing and remarkable accomplishment What reason do you think best explains the difference for why HIV has been more a much greater challenge for scientists to develop a universally effective vaccine We discussed the basis of this HIV challenge in class Covid can be targeted with antibiotics while HIV cannot HIV rarely mutates and this makes it harder to develop an effective vaccine HIV is a retrovirus Covid is of bacterial origin and therefore easier to develop a vaccine

would B cell activation occur in a person whose T cells have NO TCR Explain Do NOT consider B cell activation in response to antigens that have repeating subunits or to antigens that can bind to multiple BCR s surface antibodies on the B cell at once 5pts

The release of the HIV viral particle from the infected cell is known as o latency none of these are correct phagocytosis budo

A foodborne illness outbreak occurred at a National Environmental Health Association NEHA conference held at the Peach Tree Hotel in Atlanta Georgia Four hundred hotel guests were questioned and 200 of them were conference attendees Sixty 60 NEHA conference attendees became ill with vomiting and diarrhea and 140 attendees did not exhibit any symptoms of illness Seventy five non conference attendees became ill with similar symptoms and 125 hotel guests who weren t attending the conference had no symptoms Set up the 2 x 2 table

Malaria is caused by a protist that uses the mosquito as a A parasite C vector B food source D breeding ground

Which of the following is NOT part of the lysogenic virus cycle A domination B prophage C latency

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of viral infection A begin prophase of mitosis C infection of a host cell B make and release virions D take over host s machinery

Mayer is the first to propose that there is a pathogenic not microbes causing tobacco mosaic disease A protist B bacterium C toxin D cell