Biology Questions

Which of the following numbers is NOT a solution of the inequality 3x 5 4x 3 A 1 B 2 C 3 D 5

List the geologic layers from oldest to youngest B 1 F H C E GI BI 3 J A I D

List the geologic layers in order from oldest to youngest R B H BIU E M I H R M FS

Data Tables for Frog Clade Note Columns A D should be filled in with either a 0 same trait condition as outgroup or a 1 different trait condition than outgroup Trait Claws Chin hair Horn Tail Outgroup trait no claws no chin hair no horn no tail A B 1 1 1 0 1 no tail no spikes 0 4 digits Spikes Digits Spots no spots Lateral fold no fold Tympanum has a tympanum 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Ingroup species B O 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 F 1 0 0 1 6 1 1 1 0 2 5 S Number of species with derived trait 3 2 2 5 4 S

5 Now please look at the two articles that you have downloaded Note that they are formatted very differently Every journal has their own requirements for how journal articles and the citations within them should be formatted As an author it is your responsibility to follow their formatting instructions Often if you do not they will not review your article for publication Likewise the biology department has its own standards for how papers and the citations within them should be formatted a Please go to https www csub edu biology files How 20to 20Write 14 pdf i DOWNLOAD THIS FILE AND KEEP IT IN A SAFE PLACE YOU WILL NEED IT FOR NEARLY ALL OF YOUR BIOLOGY COURSES 1st author ii Use this document to properly format a citation pg 8 for the article by Axelrod and Hamilton 1981 Hint we do not use APA or MLA so you must use the document that you just downloaded and follow it exactly See below for an example 2nd author 3rd author Last author Year Article title continued McBride T A B W Stockert F A Gorin and R C Carlsen 2000 Stretch activated ion channels contribute to membrane depolarization after eccentric exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 88 91 101 Article title Journal Volume Pages iii Look at the References and Notes section for the evolution paper What are two differences between their citation format and that of the CSUB Biology Department the citation format you just followed with the previous question Be clear about what they do and how we do it differently

1 You are given a mixture containing two compounds A and B Both compounds have a solubility of 1 00 g 100 mL of solvent at 20 C and 12 0 g 100 mL of solvent at 100 C The sample is composed of 1 60 g of A and 9 90 g of B At 100 C all of the sample just dissolves in a minimum amount of solvent The solution is then cooled to 20 C and the crystals are collected a What is the composition of the crystals B b What is the percent yield of the process Yield c What is the composition of the mother liquor A B 2 If the mixture described in question 1 are recrystallized from 100 mL of solvent instead of the minimum amount a What is the composition of the crystals

1 Name the major groups of land plants represented by letters A E on the phylogenetic tree 25 each Provide example members of each of the major group 25 each 2 Indicate the major adaptations derived traits that correspond with the numbers on the tree 1 5 note some numbers only have 1 trait other numbers have multiple traits 5 each also indicate the significance of each of these traits 5 each Make sure your answers can be clearly linked to the letters and numbers otherwise they won t receive credit example you should write A group name example not just 5 groups and examples Then 1 trait significance advantage for trait A 1704 C D 5

following the instructions below a Go to the library webpage https library csub edu b In the search box type in Ecology This search will pull up all titles with the name Ecology c Find the link for Ecology Brooklyn New York N Y that is available at CSUB Library Periodicals Collection Level 2 i Is this resource a book or a journal ii From what years is Ecology available in hard copy in the library CSUB Library Periodicals Collection iii How many online databases do we have full text access to for Ecology iv Click on the JSTOR Life Sciences database What was the last year this database has for this journal v Do we have full text access to this journal past 2017

3 Another great resource is Google Scholar not just Google The easiest way to use Google Scholar is to have a Google account If you do not have one already start one If you have a Gmail account login to Google or Google Scholar with that information look at the top right corner for the link to sign in Once you click that it will allow you to create an account if you do not already have one

6 There are many different resources that may be used However not all resources are reliable So it is important to learn how to discern reliable resources from resources that are not as reliable For example Wikipedia is a great jumping off point but you should never cite information directly from Wikipedia this is a good rule of thumb for websites in general in most scientific writing Rarely are they acceptable and you should get approval from your instructor before citing information from one a Why shouldn t Wikipedia be used as a cited source i e why might it be unreliable Go to the Wikipedia page and read about how it works if you need help with this one

Which of the following are attributes of organelles may survive outside of the larger cell lives inside other cells has own DNA RNA replicates itself membrane bound

Which of the following are attributes of organelles has own DNA membrane bound Oreplicates itself Olives inside other cells

Prior to conducting any scientific investigation you need to learn as much as you possibly can about the biology of the organism in question To learn about the biology of an organism you would first consult textbooks and scientific journal articles to learn what is known about the organism This knowledge can give you a starting point for your research and provide direction of how to address your questions For some organisms c g fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster there is a large body of literature that covers everything from behavior and ecology to physiology and anatomy to genetics and evolution For other organisms much less is known This semester you will be asked to conduct scientific investigations on your own You will conduct an experiment collect and analyze data and report your findings in the form of a scientific research paper The first few labs are designed to provide you with the tools to complete these assignments The first step however will be to familiarize yourself with locating reading and interpreting scientific literature As a scientist it is very important to not only use these resources to help you with your experimental design and background on your research topic but also to communicate your own results If I conduct research in my lab but never tell anyone about it guess what It is like it never happened So I must communicate my findings to other scientists This is most often done in the form of peer reviewed scientific articles The goal of this exercise is to learn about a few of the resources available to you for finding scientific literature and to familiarize yourself with the various ways in which scientific articles are formatted each one is different Type your answers below each question or as instructed by the question Your answers should be color coded either blue red or purple to make your response obvious to your instructor Each response blank space is worth 0 5 pts for a total of 10 pts 1 There are two types of resources that can be used and are helpful Please do a Google search and define each of the terms below a Primary Literature

We often think of evolution as a tree and that s roughly accurate Populations split and diverge and become new species and so one branch becomes two But the concepts of endosymbiosis as well as lateral gene transfer suggest this model of a tree isn t totally accurate after all Discuss why not and what might be a better model for evolutionary history than a perfectly branching tree Start your discussion by copying the figure below and adding lines to it that illustrate at least one major endosymbiotic event that we studied Do this before your written discussion because it will help you see the point I m trying to get you to address Upload discussion and figure Bacteria Purple bacteria Cyanobacteria Flavobacteria Thermotogales Green non sulfur bacteria Archaea Euryarchaeota Methanosarcina Methano bacterium Methanococcus Gram positives Crenarchaeota Thermoproteus Pyrodictium Thermococcus celer Eukarya Entamoebae Slime molds Halophiles Animals Pungi Plants Ciliates Flagellates Trichomonads Microsporidia Diplomonads

Contrast the body organization of the basic body plan of each Upload discussion and sketches of Porifera Cnidaria and Coelomates and provide a sketch

Oxytocin O Q Exerts its most important effects during menstruation Controls milk production Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism Is an anterior pituitary secretion

Match the structure with its function Transmits sound vibrations to auditory ossicles Senses changes in dynamic equilibrium Organ that houses receptors for hearing Senses changes in static equilibrium Macular in vestibule Tympanic membrane Cochlea Cristae ampullaris in semicircular canals

he makes hormones that are transported to the Hypothalamus anterior pituitary Hypothalamus posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary hypothalamus Anterior pituitary hypothalamus via the bloodstream and trigger release of more hormones

You are called in to track outbreaks of a new disease called simpox in two neighboring towns Springfield and South Park Simpox is spread by direct contact between people in a similar manner as with influenza Over a 40 week period you track the number of people who are infected with the disease The curves for the two outbreaks are shown in the graph below Which of the following is plausible explanation for the difference in the course of the epidemic between the two towns Number of Infected Individuals Springfield South Park Time weeks A Springfield has a lower population density than South Park B Springfield residents wash their hands less frequently than do South Park residents C Springfield has better access to a new simpox vaccine than South Park has D Springfield s residents come into contact with each other less often than South Park s do

1 20 points Many species of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics Recently studies have analyzed the chromosomal DNA of antibiotic resistant bacteria One bacteria studied is methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Researchers have found that its chromosomal DNA does not contain the genes for antibiotic resistance They also found that when MRSA is cultured with a non resistant bacteria the non resistant bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant a Identify the location of the antibiotic resistant genes h Discuss how the antibiotic resistant genes are being transmitted to non resistant bacteria when cultured together

critical immunization threshold The critical immunization threshold symbolized pe is the minimum proportion of a population that must be individually immune to a disease in order to achieve herd immunity If the entire population is susceptible pe is the proportion to vaccinate to prevent the spread of disease The formula for p is Pc 1 1 Ro where Ro is the basic reproductive number Click to see additional instructions Imagine that a new deadly coronavirus arises and starts a global pandemic Experts are worried because the disease spreads easily having a basic reproductive number Ro of 8 The good news is that an effective vace kly developed What minimum proportion of the population po would need to be vaccinated to ensure that the disease can no longer spread Round your answer to two decimal places

What is one common mistake taxonomists may make when attempting to place seemingly closely related species into a shared classification group The two species seem to be located in the same region on the planet The two species share many structural proteins genes and metabolic pathways The two species share similar morphology or character traits but their is not confirmed homology The two species share an evolutionary history based upon matching segments of DNA

homology and biogeography Sort the following examples into the correct categories The evidence exists in a variety of categories including direct observation of evolutionary change the fossil Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin View Available Hint s direct observation of evolutionary change development of drug resistance in bacteria fossil record discovery of shells of extinct species discovery of transitional forms of horses homology similarities in mammalian forelimbs same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants vestigial pelvis in right whales biogeography Reset Help the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species

12 Multiple Choice Questions 12 14 refer to the pedigree below The trait being represented is caused by a rare genetic mutation that results in severe weakening of muscles with aging males squares females circles shaded in affected The individuals in generation I have been labeled as 1 9 I I OTE III TO For this pedigree how does the tran seem to be Inherked AS a Dominant Trait As a Recessive Trait As an X Link Dominant Tran 19

10 For each of the following problems using the information below determine the parent genotypes draw the Punnett square and provide the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring Each question is worth 5 points 1pt for parent genotypes 1pt for offspring genotypes 1pt for offspring phenotypes 2pts for correct and complete Punnett square In mice the ability to run normally is a dominant trait Mice with this trait are called running mice R The recessive trait causes mice to run in circles only Mice with this trait are called waltzing mice r Hair color is also inherited in mice Black hair B is dominant over brown hair b a Cross a heterozygous running brown mouse with a heterozygous running homozygous black mouse Parents Genotypes Phenotypes b Cross a heterozygous running heterozygous black mouse with a heterozygous running heterozygous black mouse Parents Genotypes Phenotypes

9 In horses black is dependent upon a dominant gene B and chestnut upon its recessive allele b The trotting gait is due to a dominant gene T the pacing gait to its recessive allele t If a homozygous black pacer mates to a homozygous chestnut trotter what will be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring BB x bb TT CON CER Parents Genotypes Phenotypes white for nich brown byt for 11 BLU BLU 16 0 40 FD 50 4 5 re similar write b

lete the following dihybrid crosses Using the information provided in each problem and the steps d below answer the questions of this worksheet to the best of your ability Each question is worth 5 ints 1 pt for parent genotypes 1pt for offspring genotypes 1pt for offspring phenotypes 2pts for correct and complete Punnett square 8 In mammoths assume that spotted skin N is dominant over non spotted skin n and that wooly hair H is dominant over non wooly hair h If a heterozygous spotted non wooly mammoth is crossed with a non spotted heterozygous wooly haired mammoth what will be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring hh nh Parents N Genotypes Phenotypes x nn Hh Nh Nh nn nn nn N Wh Wh An h NN hb NN hh n h NnhH h NWNhh NNhh NNth Nahh n NN Hh Nnhh NnHh Nnth Nnth W nhn Nnh h hnith nn hn 11 F 2 4 2 2

The purpose of the reaction buffer Tris HC1 KC1 and MgCl in the PCR mixture is to O a Provide the DNA template for Taq polymerase to bind to Ob Provide a stable environment pH ions cofactors for Taq polymerase O C Allow conductivity of DNA to move from the cathode to the anode d It includes the dNTPS

An amplicon is a PCR product and the DNA to be amplified is the template True False Question 4 1 point Listen Positive and negative controls are necessary in experiments because they O a provide a standard for the outcomes of the experimental sample being tested Ob add additional samples to the experiment O c make the experiment easier to complete

DO True False

Taq polymerase is extracted from O a Saccharomyces cerevisiae O b Escherichia coli Oc Thermus aquaticus d Bacillus cereus who lives in hot springs

An amplicon is a PCR product and the DNA to be amplified is the template O True False

In sequential order which are the three steps of PCR O a Denature DNA Extend DNA Anneal Primers O b Anneal Primers Denature DNA Extend DNA O c Denature DNA Anneal Primers Extend DNA d Extend DNA Anneal Primers Denature DNA

27 Please list the 5 main components of the endomembrane systems and provide their main functions

Record 5 data points for the Oxygen Percent Concentration time period Record your oxygen concentration points below If possible get a wide range of percentages Date Collected Oxygen Pet Sat Depth 31 Jan 24 Feb 24 8 6 3 0 31 Jan 24 Why is it important to have data that is collected at similar times es The data might be different at different dimes or the year due to deciden other charges etc windo 2751 Do you think depth makes a difference in the oxygen percent concentration Or is depth not a factor in oxygen percent concentration Explain your reasoning using evidence from your data collection if possible 3F1 duo because when the oxygen was at 8 6 the depth was orisen was 7 3 the depth was 33 t then 0 lured 3 01 depth was 66 Ft meaning that no Predict the correlation between oxygen percent concentration and the urchin population Read through the article titled Water quality requirements for culture of the green sea urchin What happens to urchins if the oxygen percent concentration drops too low for an extended period of time What else do you think may occur in the ecosystem because the oxygen percent concentration is too low Connection to the ecosystem Think back to what you have learned about trophic levels keystone species and food webs chains and pyramids All species are equal but some are more equal than others If urchins were wiped from the ecosystem what effect would this have on the kelp community What other effects would this have on the ecosystem as a whole What impact would that have on other spesia

Based on what you know and what you have learned abel the anatomy of the urchin with the letter that fits each organ You may also visit http purpleseaurchinreasource weebly com digestiverespiratory html a gills c Aristotle s Lantern b tubed feet d anus Data collection Visit http www ipacoa org Explorer axial organ gonad intestine stone Canal dy Section AA madreporite test madreporic amputa Click on the Filters on the left side of the page Click on Washington State and Alaska and you will see some platforms buoy disappear Then scroll down to Variables Select Dissolved Oxygen and you will see some platforms buoy disappear As you navigate each platform buoy a box will appear on the right Click on the Oxygen Percent Saturation Oxygen Pct Sat Spend time exploring the data at differ Depth is in parentheses Da P notice any pattes tooth perignathic girdle dorsal sec Jaboral haemal ring Co ambuecral termination polian mouth vesicle rotula GROSOPA perihaemal opulla Canal ASPAUS radial Water canal radial haemal strand

Which of the following should be done before returning your microscope to the cabinet Select all that apply Lower the stage to the lowest point Remove the ocular lens Place the lowest power objective into position Place the highest power objective into position

Which of the following best illustrates SELECTIVE ATTENTION for perception of inputs O Listening to music while exercising in order to avoid focusing on the pain in your body from the workout O Neglecting the noise of the air conditioner in the room and focusing on the lecture content O All of these O Somehow hearing the specific words spoken by your best friend while having a meal in a loud restaurant and not really hearing all the noise other people make

O The sequence of events is important O Each stage of processing relies on the prior stage O All of these O Once all elements have been processed a decision is made for action or inaction Question 7 The steps of COGNITION DO NOT include O Reception of data O Formation of internal representations of data received from INTERNAL or EXTERNAL sources O Decisions made on how to respond to varying INPUT DATA 1

O Theories explain how things work O Knowledge is innate O Knowledge comes from experiences Selective attention is needed for thinking Question 9 Which of the following best illustrates an INTERNAL INPUT Being startled from your sleep because something in your closet fell and made a noise remarkab someone who might be hiding in and waiting for you to fall asleep O The noise from down the hall Salivating because there is something great cooking in the kitchen on in your leg

Although no one is sure of why the glaciation began it s clear once it got underway there would be positive feedback due to the ice itself Why

hat is a controlled experiment Please give a detailed example of a controlled periment

Organisms may have survived by staying near O staying near hot springs O the surface of the earth O burying themselves in soil O basking in the sun

Choose one of the organisms below as an example and discuss at least two functions that skeleton performs for the creature

Why did the ice cover finally melt O the interior of the earth got hotter O carbon dioxide from volcanoes created a greenhouse effect O the sun became hotter

Snowball earth occurred O about 3500 Ma O about 100 200 Ma O about 700 600 Ma C about 2500 M

Please explain the structure of the following organelles plasma membrane chloroplast nucleus How does the structure relate to its funct

Discuss one type of Ediacaran organism that could plausibly be a metazoan What kind of metazoan Why

Contrast the body organization of Porifera Cnidaria and Coelomates and provide a sketch of the basic body plan of each Upload discussion and sketches

The paleontologist in the Ediacaran article argues that these creatures are not metazoans based on O the way they appear to have developed from an initial cell Otheir size O the way they found sustenance O their symmetry